Examples of Gapping in English Grammar

A construction in which part of a sentence is omitted rather than repeated. The missing grammatical unit is called a gap. The term gapping was coined by linguist John R. Ross in his dissertation, Constraints on Variables in Syntax (1967), and discussed in his article Gapping and the Order of Constituents, in Progress in Linguistics, edited by M. Bierwisch and K. E. Heidolph (Mouton, 1970). Examples and Observations: The cars were old-fashioned; the buses, too.(Bill Bryson, The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid. Broadway Books, 2006)Arnaud was his closest friend; Peter, his oldest.(James Salter, Light Years. Random House, 1975)Forwards and BackwardsGapping ... describe[s] a transformation which creates gaps in a sentence after a conjunction by deleting a verb which would otherwise reappear, e.g. Caroline plays the flute and Louise (plays) the piano. Gapping can work forwards, as above, or backwards as in the deletion of the first mention of the word. According to Ross the direction of the gapping depends on the constituent branching in the deep structure, and provides insight into the underlying word order of a language.(Hadumod Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Taylor Francis, 1996)Verb DeletionConsider the pattern in (154):a. John likes coffee and Susan likes tea.b. John likes coffee and Susan —  tea.(154) illustrates a pattern known as gapping. Gapping i s an operation which deletes a constituent in one sentence under identity with a constituent of the same type in a preceding sentence. More particularly, gapping in (154b) deletes the second verb of two co-ordinated clauses; this is possible because the deleted verb is identical to the verb of the first sentence. In (154b) the verb is gapped but, crucially, its NP [Noun Phrase] complement is left behind.(Liliane M. V. Haegeman and Jacqueline Guà ©ron, English Grammar: A Generative Perspective. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999)Gapping in Written EnglishCertainly, some constructions are overwhelmingly found in written language. An example is the English Gapping construction, as in John ate an apple and Mary a peach, where an implicit ate is omitted from the second clause, understood as Mary ate a peach. Tao and Meyer (2006) found, after an extensive search of corpora, that gapping is confined to writing rather than speech. In the Elia Kazan movie The Last Tycoon, a powerful film director reject s a scene in which a French actress is given the line Nor I you, on the grounds that this is unnatural speech. But his colleague, with earthier instincts, comments on this line with Those foreign women really have class. This rings true. The gapping construction is classy, and restricted to quite elevated registers, though it is not lacking entirely from spoken English.(James R. Hurford, The Origins of Grammar: Language in the Light of Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2012)

Captain Americ The American Dream - 1341 Words

Captain’s Duty From Captain America’s birth, he symbolized America. In and out of costume, Captain America, AKA Steve Rodgers, exemplifies all the best qualities of America. He embodies the American dream. America continues to grow more diverse every day, yet still Steve remains the undying patriotic example of what it means to be American. The American dream in simple terms is the fulfillment of the ideals the America was founded on with equal respect. To go into more detail, the American Dream allows all people the rights of liberty, autonomy, justice, dignity, the pursuit of happiness, and the ability to hold the country’s leaders accountable when they fail to uphold these rights. Because the American dream applies to all people one†¦show more content†¦The patriotic symbol of the American dream has numerous times dissented from the ruling political powers. Steve Rodgers lives the life of a patriot through and through, but it is important to understand what it means to live patriotically. Captain America’s patriotism doesn’t hinge on blind passion of one’s country right or wrong or on the â€Å"us-versus-them† mentality produced during war times. These types of patriotisms prevent the betterment of the world at large. These exclusionary patriotisms neglect the dignity of ot her peoples and creates the illusion that anyone who thinks differently belongs to the â€Å"them† party. Instead, Cap’s patriotism lies of Stephen Nathanson’s philosophic â€Å"’moderate patriotism,’ which balances devotion to one’s country with ethical demands to care for all† (White 147). Captain America embraces the shared humanity of people across national borders. He would strongly support Nathanson’s claim that â€Å"so long as devotion to one’s country do not lead to immoral actions, then patriotism can be laudable. When concern for the own country blinds people to the legitimate needs and interests of other nations, then patriotism becomes a vice† (White147). Captain America believes countries have the right to pursue its interest, but this should be done with consideration of other nations and peoples and not at the cost of the countries principles. Captain America’s cosmopolitan patriotism puts h im at odds with the government three

Webers Law on Visual Perception Free Essays

Crimes against Fundamental Laws of the State. Crimes against Public Order. 4) Crimes against Public Interest 5) Crimes against Related to Opium and other Prohibited Drugs 6) Crimes against Public Morals 7) Crimes committed by public Officers 8) Crimes against Persons 9) Crimes against Personal Liberty and security 10) Crimes against Property 1 1) Crimes against Chastity 12) Crimes against Civil Status of Persons 13) Crimes against Honor Theories explaining why crimes do occur: 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Webers Law on Visual Perception or any similar topic only for you Order Now Classical Theory 2. Control Theory 3. Differential Association and Social Learning Theory 4. Societal Theory 5. Strain Theory 6. Psychological Theory 7. Subcultures Theory 8. Labeling Theory Crimes causing Factors in the Philippines 1. The belief that culprits of crimes or their powerful patrons can fix things. 2. The really powerful people who are able to circumvent the law. 3. The known corruptibility of some policemen, lawyers and Judges. 4. The high cost, long delays, personal inconvenience and embarrassment entailed in many criminal cases which favors the offenders. 5. The discrepancy between some acts which the law defines as unlawful and which the people do not see in the same light. . The concept that hat which is public belongs to no me. 8. The adult criminals and Juvenile delinquents who see their models as great men with prestige and glamour and the glorification of criminals by the mass media. 9. The existence of firearms in the possession of some citizens. 10. The swift Justice out by dissidents in contrast to the uncertainty of legal Justice. CRIME is one of the most dreadful social illnesses. Vi olation of the law is not only confronted to adult behavior there are so called adult criminal and Juvenile delinquent as well. Delinquency is most often found in the following instances: ) Slum areas where diverse cultural standards flourish with little interaction. B) Families with parent’s characterized by drunkenness or criminality, ineffective household management, economic difficulties and low self- respect. C) Failure of children to experience real home. D) Broken homes where husbands and wives separate either temporarily or permanently. E) Lack of supervision of young people who roam the streets of most cities. Educational Implications of Crime Suggestions to the School Sector 1 . Resort all possible meaner to make the students strongly develop the sense of loneliness in the school setting. 2. Remind the students of the bad elements in society and the dangers associated with relating with such elements or even emulating them. 3. Maintain a personality profile of each student. 4. Impress among the students the values of honesty and integrity. 5. Take extra precaution labeling the students, particularly those who present problems in behavior. 6. See to it that school rules and regulations are strictly and Justly applied to every student, no matter what his status in life. . Identify and clarify the value of resonantly and accountability, whether the thing in question is personal public or private property. 8. Inculcate among the students the sanctity of marriage and the family the indispensable role played by the family and in nation building. 9. Train the student to be alert at all times as to their respective and duties as citizens of the country. 10. Plan and implement co-curricular activities where the student can channel effectively and productively their extra energy. Drug Dependence Drug is defined as anything that frees one from a certain disease, either curing or reverting them to occur, but if you take ones it more than enough to cause him exhibit abnormal behavior or make him violate socially approved behavior. 1. Sedatives or Depressants or downers 2. Stimulants or Upper 3. Hallucinogens or Psychedelics 4. Narcotics Reason why person become drug abuser 1 . Socio-cultural deprivation 2. Faulty Model and Learning 3. Pathogenic family pattern 4. Identity crisis 5. Cultural correlates There are many social problems that exist in our society and some says that it is hard to prevent too. If we cannot prevent these at least we need to lessen it. It is hard to prevent these social problems because anywhere, everywhere you turn your eyes there are lots of problems. Some people violate the norms of our society and if we ask them why did they do that, for sure the only answer that we get is they didn’t what to do it but they have to because they badly needed it. One of the social problems in our society is a crime. One word but has a huge and bold meaning. It is very obvious if what is crime. From the world itself crime is one of the most dreadful social illnesses in our society. Many people committed crime and they were imprisoned but the government cannot prevent some people to commit crime. And these crimes are not only for adult ones, crimes do not choose the adult to do it but there are lots of crimes that the minor or the student commits. I think some student that committed crime, their parent’s didn’t mold their personality as a person or they have a broken family, their parent’s characterized by drunkenness or criminality, ineffective household management, economic difficulties and low self- respect. Failure to experience real home and lack of supervision of young people who roam the streets of most cities. If this young people has didn’t lack of supervision and don’t have to commit a crime. If a student follows all the rules and regulations in school they don’t need to commit crime. They should make the students strongly develop the sense of belongingness in the school setting. Remind the students of the bad elements in society and the dangers associated with relating with such elements or even emulating them. Impress among the students the values of honesty and integrity. Take extra precaution labeling the students, particularly those who present problems in behavior. See to it that school rules and regulations re strictly and Justly applied to every student, no matter what his status in life. Identify and clarify the value of personality and accountability, whether the thing in question is personal public or private property. Inculcate among the students the sanctity of marriage and the family the indispensable role played by the family and in nation building. Train the student to be alert at all times as to their respective and duties as citizens of the country. Plan and implement co-curricular activities where the student can channel effectively and productively their extra energy. If these suggestions to school sector will apply to the entire student I think there is no student who will commit crime. Yes many of students disobey the law like Jaywalking but still it is not a crime but it is a violation. These social problems really affect the education in our society because this social problem is one of the major problems in our society. If in school the student started to be good follower, even if he is not inside the school he will be a good follower too. Every people need to have an education so that social problems will be lessen because it is impossible to prevent social problems. How to cite Webers Law on Visual Perception, Essays

Drawings Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Essay Example For Students

Drawings: Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Essay Their drawings proposed a distinctive perception into each artists work and ideas. Both dad Vinci and Michelangelo employed drawing as a medium to develop new ideas and convey artistic thoughts. They used it to illustrate for themselves what they were going to do as a form of preliminary study. You can say that their drawings are in a way how they experimented and planned their work because they provided the foundation for their efforts as sculptors, painters, and architects. In addition their drawings re depictions of their experiences, ideas, and thoughts. According to Assayer recording the path of their artists hand directly on paper, artists also tint drawing to be a ready-made means to self-expression. It is as if in the act of drawing, the spirit of the artist finds its way to paper, (p. 1 70) Both artists depicted reality in all its detail and their figures were tilled with vitality and liveliness, As these two artists worked on their drawings to develop their new ideas and thoughts they provided a unique perspective of their individual Sino and outlook of life and the word around them. According to GIANT Editor (2005), to Leonardo dad Vinci, the nature and function of his drawings was mostly a way to document his scientific experiments in an extensive scope of grounds of perception and creativity as well as knowledge, a practice therefore in Which the intention to depict cannot be separated from the process of knowledge and which reflects his studies, experiences, inventions and considerations (GIGANTIC Editor, 2005) dad Vines main purpose was to recreate tauter in the most precise and technical way possible and he managed to do so by following the ingenious processes of his mind. On the other hand, to Michelangelo, the nature and function of his drawings served more as material he needed for his work. The drawings were mostly used as testing, planning and the exploring of new ideas and to express the visions of his minds-eye. His primary focus was in human figures specially the male body and his drawings chart his relentless search to find poses that would most eloquently express he emotional and spiritual state of his subjects. (The British Museum, n. . ) Both Leonardo dad Vinci and Michelangelo conveyed their ideas, thoughts, and experiences in drawings that served as basis to most to their masterpieces, but without the intention, these drawings became masterpieces in their own, They provided a crucial link between their most prominent works in different fields of their artistic behaviors as well as a great connection to their experiences and ideas allowing their drawings to become the primary means of making art.